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On Type VII U-boats the snorkel folded forward and was stored in a recess on the port side of the hull, while on the IX Types the recess was on the starboard side. Operational use began in early 1944, and by June 1944 about half of the boats stationed in the French bases had snorkels fitted. The first Kriegsmarine boat to be fitted with a snorkel was U-58, which experimented with the equipment in the Baltic Sea during the summer of 1943. However, by 1943 more U-boats were being lost, so the snorkel was retrofitted to the VIIC and IXC classes and designed into the new XXI and XXIII types. The Kriegsmarine first viewed the snorkel as a means to take fresh air into the boats but saw no need to run the diesel engines under water. The system was designed by the Dutchman Jan Jacob Wichers. The Royal Netherlands Navy had been experimenting as early as 1938 with a simple pipe system on the submarines O-19 and O-20 that enabled diesel propulsion at periscope depth, while also charging the batteries. The Dutch O-21 class were equipped with a device named a snuiver ( sniffer). Germany defeated the Netherlands in 1940 their capture of O-25 and O-26 was a stroke of luck for the German Navy, the Kriegsmarine.
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The tests were largely successful, and a similar system was designed for the Sirena class, but was eventually scrapped subsequent snorkel systems were not based on Ferretti's design.
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Pericle Ferretti of the technical corps of the Italian Navy ran tests with a ventilation pipe installed on the submarine H 3. Although the company received a British patent for the design, no further use was made of it-the British Admiralty did not accept it for use in the Royal Navy. Īn early submarine snorkel was designed by James Richardson, an Assistant Manager at Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company, Greenock, Scotland as early as 1916, during World War I. However, with continued radar improvement as the war progressed, submarines (notably, the German U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic) were forced to spend more time underwater, running on electric motors that gave speeds of only a few knots and very limited range. Until the widespread use of radar after 1940, at night a submarine was safer on the surface than submerged, because sonar could detect boats underwater but was almost useless against a surface vessel. Until the advent of nuclear power, submarines were designed to operate on the surface most of the time and submerge only for evasion or for daylight attacks. Head of the snorkel mast from German type XXI submarine U-3503, scuttled outside Gothenburg on but raised by the Swedish Navy and carefully studied for the purpose of improving future Swedish submarine designs